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Background: Dilemma of cost effectiveness of manual small incision cataract surgeries (MSICS) in the terms of training and equipment has been widely pondered upon in developing areas. Objective of the study is to compare the manual small incision cataract surgery and extra capsular cataract extraction. Methods: A prospective study was conducted among the IPD patients of the Ophthalmology Department of Khaja Bandanawaz Teaching and General Hospital, Kalaburagi, from June to December 2017. Statistical Analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2013, SPSS 23.0 and Chi-square test was performed. Results: Out of the 160 individuals who underwent extra capsular cataract extraction (ECCE), 06 (3.75%), 91 (56.88%) and 63 (39.37%) of the study subjects had poor (5/50), moderate (6/60-6/24) and good (6/18-6/6) visual acuity respectively. Highest incidence was that of lens prolapse (25%) and corneal complications (25%) in ECCE. Among the subjects who underwent MSICS, highest incidence of intra operative complication noticed was that of lens prolapse, iris prolapse and anterior chamber collapse, each at 20%. Conclusions: It was concluded that the restoration of visual acuity was fairly good and uniform in both the procedures. Certain intra operative complications such as lens prolapse, iris prolapse and anterior chamber collapse were noticed in MSICS and capsular flaps and vitreous loss were noticed only in ECCE.
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Background: Self-medication usually leads to irrational drug utilization pattern leading to various issues like economic burden, incomplete treatment and antibiotic resistance. Self-medication is a common practice in developing countries and prevalent among medical students, influencing their future decision making as medical professional. The current study was carried out to determine the prevalence of self-medication among medical students and their attitude towards the same.Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire based study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital from July 2015 to Oct 2015. Structured and validated questions were used to collect information about knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among undergraduate medical students. The study included total of 328 participants. Data were collected from each participant and analyzed statistically by using SPSS version 20 for count and percentages.Results: A total of 328 subjects studying at a medical school were assessed regarding their practice, attitude and perception of self-medication behavior. Out of total recruited subjects, 53% were males and 47% were females. The prevalence of self-medication among recruited subjects was 89.9%. Symptoms like fever, Headache and weakness were the most common reasons of self-medication. The most commonly used drugs were antipyretic, analgesics (81.7%), antibiotics (51.2%). Approximately 15% subjects were not aware about the completion of the course of antibiotic treatment. Subjects obtained information and procured drugs from their family members, friends and pharmacist and the reasons for this were cited as lack of time, minor ailments and quick relief. Only 32.6% students opined that self-medication should be encouraged in future.Conclusions: Current study reveals that practice of self-medication is highly prevalent among medical students without adequate knowledge of drugs used. Students should be educated regarding advantages and disadvantages of self-medication.
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Objective To document the clinical profile of leprosy patients and to determine concordance between clinical and histopathological diagnosis using Ridley and Jopling classification
Methods 58 clinically and histological confirmed cases of leprosy ranging in age from 7-70 years who attended dermatology outpatient department [OPD] in Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences were included in the study. Slit-skin smear examination was performed in all cases. Histopathological investigations were carried out in all cases to confirm the diagnosis and to classify the cases
Results A total of 58 clinically diagnosed cases of leprosy comprised the study material. Out of them, 42 [72.4%] were males and 16 [27.6%] females with male to female ratio of 2.6:1. The highest number of cases was in age group 20-29 years with 22 [37.9%] cases. 10 [17.2%] cases were multibacillary and 48 [82.8%] cases were paucibacillary. The most common site of biopsy was from lower extremities in 24 [41.4%] cases
Clinically, maximum number of patients was borderline tuberculoid [BT] type with 22 [37.9%] cases, followed by tuberculoid leprosy [TT] in 14[24.1%] cases. Lepromatous leprosy [LL] was confirmed in 3 [5.2%] cases. Most common clinical presentation was altered sensation in 57 [98.3%] cases, skin plaques in 46 [79.3%] cases and nerve involvement was noted in 36 [62.1%] cases. Maximum clinicopathological correlation was noted in both poles i.e. LL with 3 [100%] cases and TT with 12 [85.7%] cases and maximum disparity was noted in borderline lepromatous leprosy [BL] in 3 [60%] cases. Overall concordance between clinical and histopathological diagnosis observed in our study was 46 [79.3%] cases
Conclusion Leprosy continues to remain a public health problem. Clinical-histopathological discordance leading to inadequate treatment could be contributory. Our study revealed a 20.7% rate of discordance. Early assessment and adequate management is essential for reducing the discordance rate
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Background: Night shift workers have altered circadian pattern of blood pressure/heart rate and hormones like melatonin and cortisol. Due to this variation, night shift worker suffers from various cardiovascular disorders and hormonal disturbances. Methods: The Present study was aimed to investigate the effects of rotating night shift on 24 hours chronomics of BP/HR and its relation with 6-sulfatoxy melatonin levels. 62 healthy nursing professionals, aged 20-40 year, performing day and night shift duties were recruited. Each month scheduled to continuous 9 days night shift (12 hours in regular 9 nights, from 20:00 to 08:00); after 9 days night shift they perform remaining duties in day shift and 4 days off in each month. Results: Ambulatory BP and HR were recorded at every 30 min intervals in day time and each hour in night time synchronically with circadian pattern of 6 sulfatoxy melatonin during shift duties. Highly Significant difference was found in double amplitude (2DA) of blood pressure between night and day shift (p<0.001). In night shift, hyperbaric index (HBI) of mean systolic blood pressure was found to be increased at 00-03 am (midnight) while during day shift, peak was found at 06-09 am. Peak melatonin was to be found in early morning as compared to mid night in both the shift. Conclusions: The present study concluded that the desynchronization was appeared during night shift and entrainment of circadian rhythm in the day shift.
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As per the United Nations 2013 report, India’s population is expected to reach 1.2 billion by 2015. Thus, there is a need for professionals trained in demography and population studies to carry out research regarding population aspects and project population growth/trends. This study landscapes the academic courses being offered in demography and population studies in India (in regular and distance learning modes). It outlines the details of these courses with respect to available courses, fee structure, number of seats, eligibility criteria, duration, nature of the program, etc. The details of the institutes offering demography and population studies courses were collected and compiled. A systematic and predefined approach including Internet search, search in the leading newspapers and discussions with students, academicians, and faculties were used to collect information for different courses provided by institutes all over India. There are around 22 institutions currently offering certificate, diploma, Masters, Master of Philosophy (M.Phil), and doctoral courses in demography and population studies in India (through regular and distance learning modes). Based on the annual intake capacity of these academic institutions, around 1,052 qualified professionals are available to work in the field of demography and population studies in India. This work has helped us to identify and track various academic courses being offered in demography and population studies in India. However, the courses that are being offered are relatively small in number when compared with the number of demographers/population scientists required. A need was also felt to include demography at the Bachelor’s degree level.
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Defining the human resource needs for providing quality maternal, newborn, and child health services across such a large and diverse population country like India is truly challenging. The effective response to significant challenges and increased requirements of evidence-based effectiveness of the public health projects on maternal and child health is putting pressure on existing program managers to acquire new advanced academic training and information. The data regarding the existing courses on reproductive and child health and related fields in the country were obtained by a predefined search made on the Internet through the Google search engine in December 2011. The collected data were the name and location of the institution offering the respective course, theme, course duration, course structure, eligibility criteria, and mode of learning. In India, around 15 institutes are offering certificate/postgraduate diploma courses on maternal and child health either as a regular program or through distance education program. The admission procedure for each institute is independent of others. The courses vary in terms of duration, eligibility criteria, and fee structure. Conceptualizing an educational initiative in response to national demands for increased workforce capacity to eliminate key medical and nonmedical educational barriers and financial and nonfinancial barriers to advanced academic preparation would enhance the quality of services available in the region.
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Biostatistics plays an important role in measuring, understanding, and describing the overall health and well-being of a population. Biostatistics as a subject evolved from the application of statistics in various research aspects of biology, biomedical care, and public health. However, with a recent increase in number of health and pharmacy related research, the demand for trained biostatisticians is also increasing. The present paper is an attempt to undertake a situational analysis of biostatistics education in India. A systematic, predefined approach, with three parallel strategies was used to collect and assemble the data regarding training in biostatistics in India. Our study results show that there is paucity of programs providing specialized training in biostatistics in India. Only about 19 institutions in India are offering various courses in biostatistics/medical statistics/health statistics/biometry. It is important to look into the current capacity building initiatives in this domain. Some other means for giving importance to biostatistics could be by making it a separate branch/specialization in a majority of the institutions, particularly in medical colleges.
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The present study was carried out to explore the anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipoproteinemic and anti-oxidant activities of Anthocephalus indicus root extract in alloxan-induced (150 mg/kg body wt.) diabetic rats. A marked increase in plasma levels of glucose and lipid peroxides accompanied with an elevation in the lipids and apoprotein levels of serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) following decrease in lipid and protein constituents of high density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed. The alterations in lipoprotein pattern was associated with inhibition of lipolytic and antioxidant enzymes. Oral administration of root extract (500 mg/kg body wt.) for 30 days in dyslipidemic animals resulted in significant decrease in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglyceride and lipid peroxides. The decrease of lipids and apoprotein levels of VLDL and LDL were followed by stimulation of plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase as well as hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Lipid and apoprotein levels of HDL were also recovered partially on treatment with root extract.
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The hypolipidemic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis (family Malvaceae) root extract was studied on triton and cholesterol-rich high fat diet (HFD) induced models of hyperlipidemia in rats. In triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia, feeding with root extract (500 mg/kg body wt/day p.o.) exerted lipid-lowering effect, as assessed by reversal of plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG) and reactivation of post-heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) of plasma. The other model was fed with cholesterol-rich HFD and root extract (500 mg/kg body wt/ day p.o.) simultaneously for 30 days. This also caused lowering of lipid levels in plasma and liver homogenate and reactivation of plasma PHLA and hepatic total lipoprotein lipase activity. The hypolipidemic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis root was compared with a standard drug guggulipid (200 mg/kg body wt/day p.o.), a known lipid- lowering agent in both models. Histopathological findings in rat liver supported the protective role of H. rosa sinensis root extract in preventing cholesterol-rich HFD-induced hepatic steatosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cholesterol/metabolism , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Hibiscus/chemistry , Hyperlipidemias/chemically induced , Hyperlipidemias/metabolism , Hyperlipidemias/pathology , Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology , Liver/drug effects , Liver/pathology , Male , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Roots/chemistry , Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacologyABSTRACT
To find out changes in homocysteine levels that occur during normal pregnancy and pregnancy with pre-eclamptic toxaemia and also to find out correlation between homocysteine concentration and preeclamptic toxaemia a study was carried out among 90 women of which 30 were control which included normotensive non-pregnant women and the study group I comprised 30 pregnant normotensive women and the study group II comprised 30 pregnant women with pre-eclamptic toxaemia. Serum homocysteine was measured in all subjects using fluorescence polarisation immuno-assay. Control group had highest mean homocysteine levels while the study group I had least mean homocysteine levels (p < 0.001). Levels were significantly higher in subjects with BP > 146/100 mm Hg as compared to subjects with BP >140/90 and <146/100 mm Hg (p=0.017). There was significant difference between study group I and II at same gestational age. Hyperhomocysteinaemia was observed in pre-eclamptic females, also it was found that homocysteine levels were directly correlated with severity of pre-eclampsia.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Fluorescence Polarization , Homocysteine/blood , Humans , Hyperhomocysteinemia/blood , Maternal Welfare , Perinatal Care , Pre-Eclampsia/blood , Pregnancy , Risk Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
Variations in the production and activity of cytokines have been reported by several investigators which influence the susceptibility and/or resistance to various infectious agents and cancer. Differences in the cytokine production between individuals are often caused by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter or coding regions of cytokine genes. Although the SNP cytokine gene variations are basically mutations, they are designated as polymorphisms, because these changes do not modify the alleles to rare or abnormal variants. The two important cytokine genes IL-4 and IL-6 of 343 unrelated healthy individuals from North India were compared with the published polymorphism of other populations. It was seen that our population differs from South Indian population as well as from other Caucasian populations except, Taiwanese population at IL-4 locus and Spanish and Polish population at the IL-6 gene locus. This study may be helpful for predicting clinical outcome of various infectious and immunoregulated disorders as well as explore for risk alleles for various cancers.
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Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cohort Studies , Ethnicity/genetics , White People/genetics , Female , Humans , India , Interleukin-4/genetics , Interleukin-6/genetics , Introns/genetics , Male , Middle Aged , Minisatellite Repeats/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/geneticsABSTRACT
The current outbreak of H5N 1 avian influenza affecting an unprecedented number of countries is a cause of concern worldwide. As on 26th June, 2006 outbreaks in poultry or wild birds have been reported from 54 countries. In India the first outbreak of avian influenza virus Awas reported in Navapur district in Maharashtra in February 2006 followed by detection of H5N1 in a neighbouring district of Gujarat. No case of human infection has yet been reported in India. Avian influenza virus belongs to influenza type A which is a part of family orthomyxoviridae. Transmission occurs by direct or indirect contact. Clinical symptoms on human is of typical influenza like. Laboratory investigations involves a number of tests confirming diagnosis of avian influenza. The treatment includes general supportive and antiviral therapy with oseltamivir. Prevention and control strategies can held to minimise the public health risk to highly pathogenic avian influenza. There are some dos and don'ts for the community which should be strictly followed.